Thermal expansion & State change of matter
December 7, 2022
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Thermal expansion & State change of matter Predominant Existing Theory A given atom may rest in its equilibrium position, r0, i.e., at the minimum of
Upward motion of mercury molecular clusters at room temperature
Experimentally verified following observations cannot be explained by existing theories! They could, nevertheless, be easily explained by assuming a gravitational repulsion force in addition to the gravitational attraction force.
All fluids (liquid or gas) in the presence of gravity exert an upward force known as the buoyant force on any other substance. Therefore, any substance with lower density would float or rise through a higher density fluid. It is, nevertheless, observed that heavy particles, such as iodine, thorium and tungsten, which are heavier than air do rise not only in air but also in vacuum (Piyadasa, 2011).
Mercury is one of the very heavy metals, which are in liquid phase at room temperature. Mercury is ≈ 13,600 times denser than air. When exposed to air, mercury fumes are observed to rise up through air. Mercury fume is a visible cloud of cluster molecules or tiny liquid particles.
Molecular weight of mercury (200.56 amu) is more than seven (7) times higher than that of air (≈ 28 amu). Why does mercury, when exposed to air, rise up against the gravitational pull (see Video 1) exerted by the Earth? The rate of mercury rising through air increases with the temperature; almost doubles over an increase of 18 ֯C.
Video 1. Rising of mercury fume in still air, observed under UV light.
The rising mercury fumes are visible under UV light (wave length below 400 nm). To visualize mercury under UV light, a UV fluorescent screen has to be placed under the illumination of a UV light source as shown in the Figure 1.
See the following YouTube video that experimentally shows the rising mercury cluster molecules.
To see an image of an object under a certain light wavelength by naked eye, a basic principle is that, the dimensions of the object must be in the same order or greater than the light wavelength.
- It implies that the mercury fumes contain mercury molecular clusters (not just mercury molecules) with dimensions 200 nm³.
- A nano mercury particle, which is still considered as a solid, is having physical effective dimensions around 2.5 nm (Kana et al., 2022). Which implies that the fume has particles of dimensions in the order of 200 nm also. These are solid particles having density of 13,600 kg/m3.
- Even if we disregard forming of molecular clusters, the molecular weight of mercury (200 amu) is seven (7) times greater than average air molecular weight (28 amu).
- It is also noteworthy that upward emission of mercury vapor doubles for every 18 ֯C increase of temperature.
The above discussed experimentally verified observations cannot be explained by existing theories! They could, nevertheless, be easily explained by assuming a gravitational repulsion force in addition to the gravitational attraction force.
What causes gravitational repulsion?
As gravitational attraction is caused by the mass, the gravitational repulsion is caused by the thermal energy. Please see Figure 2
Above experimental observation simply tells us that there is a cryptic force, which acts as a repulsive force against the direction of the gravitational pull (i.e., a repulsive force between earth and the mercury clusters). It also shows that this repulsive force is proportional to the temperature which is an indicator for amount of heat energy of the system under consideration.
References:
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