NextGen Physics

Beginnings

How Antigravity was first demonstrated experimentally

Articles that undergo a change of state or phase transition to gaseous form by acquiring latent heat have shown a movement against the gravitational field.  In this regard, the upward mobility of iodine molecules under different conditions and geometries has been studied.  No adequate explanation for this observation can be given with conventional laws of physics and hence a novel way of thinking is needed to explicate the behavior.

Experiment

The very first experiment [1] [2] on gravitational repulsion by the author has shown the upward movement of heavy particles (iodine) in a vacuum ≈ 10-5 mbar, at the room temperature (≈ 28°C), against the Earth’s gravitational pull.  Therein, experimental design had eliminated all factors which are believed to be causing the upward movement of particles against the gravitational pull in air, viz., buoyancy and convective forces (Figure. 1a).  As shown in Figure 1 b, a layer of iodine (126.9 amu) was placed in an inverted vacuum evaporation boat.  This prevented a direct upward motion of evaporated iodine.  A circular paper jacket was placed, 50 mm radially away, around the iodine source in order to capture the deposition geometry of iodine.  Then, the pattern of iodine vapor deposited on the circular paper jacket was observed (Figure. 1 c).
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up to observe movement of heat-evaporated iodine vapor in vacuum.
(a) Vacuum deposition chamber.  (b) A layer of iodine was gradually heat evaporated in downward direction inside the vacuum chamber.  A circular paper jacket was placed, 50 mm radially away, from around the iodine source in order to capture the deposition geometry of iodine.  Pressure in the chamber was ≈ 1×10-5 mbar, average mean free path of an air molecule is greater than 6.6 m and air density is approximately 12.6 ng m-3.  Pressure at the top (Ptop) of the chamber is higher than that at the bottom (Pbottom); Ptop > Pbottom.  (c) Photograph of deposited iodine on inner top part of the paper.

The behavior of Iodine clusters at room temperature in a vacuum under the earth's gravitation fields.

The behavior of Iodine clusters at elevated temperatures in a vacuum under the earth's gravitation fields.

OBSERVATION

Initially, at room temperature (≈ 28°C), iodine particles detached from the iodine layer moved downwards under gravitational attraction force with the Earth.  They are deposited at the bottom of the circular paper jacket (as shown in Simulation 1).

When evaporation of the iodine was attempted with rapid heating, deposition of iodine continued at the bottom of the circular paper jacket.  This could be explained by the fact that the blast heating results in a much higher kinetic energy/initial velocity of molecules in the downward direction.

When the iodine sample was heated gradually, vaporized iodine molecules were ejected downwards with a certain initial kinetic energy.  Interestingly, despite such initial downward movement (as shown in Simulation 2), it was found that the molecules have moved upwards and deposited at the top of the circular paper jacket (see Figure 1b, c).  We expect gravity to act on the molecules and pull them downwards (and not up).  Especially the molecules being in a vacuum, should deposit themselves at the bottom of the circular paper jacket, due to the Earth’s gravitational pull and the initial downward velocity induced by heating at the inverted evaporation boat. 

Further, altered geometries of the experimental setup would not affect the direction of the upward thrust (movement) of iodine molecules.

DISCUSSION

Conditions at the vacuum chamber where iodine has been evaporated, are temperature 28°C, pressure 1 × 10-5 mbar.  The chamber, hence, is in the molecular flow region where Knudsen number Kn > 1.
  • In this region gas–wall collisions dominate and molecules move independently of one another.
  • Air density approximately 12.6 ng m-3, the average the mean free path of an air molecule ≈ 6.6 m.  The probability of an air molecule encountering an iodine molecule is far remote.
  • The mass of an iodine molecule (126.9 amu) is greater than that of an average air molecule (28.57 amu).
  • The density of iodine (4,930 kg m-3) is greater than that of an average air molecule (1.29 kg m-3).
Any lift force on iodine vapor would be precluded due to above reasons, as explained below:
  • No convection current could exist in the molecular flow region.
  • In the molecular region, buoyancy does not exist.  Further, both the molecular mass and the density of iodine is greater than air.
Pressure gradient inside the vacuum chamber is Ptop>Pbottom, because the vacuum pump is situated at the bottom of the chamber (hence the lowest pressure occurs at the bottom as shown in Figure 1), also does not support to any kind of upward movement of iodine molecules. The effect of ionization and space charge formation was also considered.  These effects could be expected to have an influence on the net movement of iodine molecules due to the possible barrier formation.  Such a barrier-effect, nevertheless, could be ruled out as the upward mobility of iodine was observed in both geometries of upward and downward projected evaporation. Notwithstanding all above challenges, iodine vapour did rise against the Earth’s gravitational pull, to be deposited at the top of the circular paper jacket.  No adequate explanation to this observation can be given with conventional laws of physics and hence a novel way of thinking is needed to explicate the behavior. Explained so far, is an experiment conducted in laboratory environment.  Further examples can be observed in thermionic valves used in old day electronics
Fig. 2. Thermionic valve

 (a). Side view of an old thermionic valve 6SN7GTB Duo triode with two filaments (b) basic components and their placement inside the thermionic valve (c). Top view of the same old valve. The valve has been mounted in a tube audio amplifier (EICO Model HF 87) vertically as in Fig. a. It is clearly seen that thin two circular patches have been observed on top inside the glass body above the filaments. The valve was used from 26/01/71 to 16/01/88. (d) Top view of a similar type of valve. This valve is fairly new, it has only been used for several months. A mild deposit of filament material is seen on top of the left hand side filament.

A thermionic valve (see Figure 2a) in use affords us further evidence of molecules moving upwards at pressures around 10-7 mbar to 10-9 mbar.  This valve (6SN7GTB) has a clear glass envelope and the gutter (material which is used to help maintain the vacuum inside) is placed at the bottom.  When such valve has been in use for a period of time, we could observe detached filament particles [3] (usually tungsten/thorium, 183.84/232.04 amu respectively) deposited on the glass envelope above the filaments (Figures 2c and 2d).
  • Convection currents cannot exist at such low pressure and hence cannot be expected to carry upwards the metal particles of the filament (Figure 2b) placed in a thermionic valve.
  • If such convection currents do occur, the operation of the valve would be erratic due to the noise generated by the bombardment of gas particles on electrodes.
  • The thin electron (9.12×10-31 kg) cloud surrounding the filament cannot provide a buoyancy effect for the heavy metal atom (tungsten/thorium, 3.05×10-25/3.84×10-25 kg respectively).
  • The electric field (Figure 2b) existing between the filament and the other electrodes (anode) being perpendicular to the filament axis, cannot drift metal particles (even if ionized) upwards.  Hence the electric field neither is responsible for the observed effect.
It has to be emphasized that this upward mobility of particles against gravity has been observed by us only in situations (Figures. 1b and 2b) where a change of state of the particles or phase transition to gaseous form by acquiring heat of evaporation (latent heat) is involved.  No adequate explanation to above observations can be given with conventional laws of physics and hence a novel way of thinking is needed to explicate the behavior.
CONCLUSION

Based on the observations presented above. it was reasoned that buoyancy force and convection force are untenable as reasons for upward movement of heavy metal particles.  The findings point to the possibility that heavy metal particles, on acquiring heat of evaporation (latent heat), are driven upwards by an unknown force; the Antigravity force possibly; a justifiable avenue for further research.

REFERENCE & Further reading

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/fifth-force-nature-ground-breaking-research-finding-physics-piyadasa/